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Wednesday, March 18, 2015

Carbon Prints and Gum Bichromate Prints The Invention of Photography Video Series

Carbon Prints and Gum Bichromate Prints - The Pigment Processes - Invention of Photography 5.44 min video created by George Eastman House.
Carbon prints and gum bichromate prints are both examples of pigment processes. Rather than the metal salts typically used in the formation of photographic images, pigments and bichromated colloids are used in making these prints. A bichromated colloid is a viscous substance such as gelatin or albumen that is made light-sensitive by the addition of a bichromate. Bichromated colloids harden when exposed to light and become insoluble in water; this is the principle behind many of the non-silver-based photographic processes. Pigment processes were developed in the 1850s and offer superior permanence and control of the appearance of the final print. The resulting prints are characterized by broad tones and soft detail, sometimes resembling paintings or drawings.

(This video is made possible by a grant from the U.S. Institute of Museum and Library Services, grant number MA-10-13-0194.)
George Eastman House, an independent nonprofit museum, is an educational institution that tells the story of photography and motion pictures—media that have changed and continue to change our perception of the world.

INDIAN ARMY BEACON OF UNITY AND SECULARISM

In all the controversy and disputes over language and faith,
the Indian Army stands in stark contrast as a beacon of what
unity and secularism is all about ....

A slap in the face of all who question interfaith and
religious harmony and a reminder as to what
Secularism truly is

Heres the article sent to me by Colonel Rastogi Colonel Rastogi

Any one more secular than the army?

As a serving army officer, I never stop marvelling at the gullibility of our countrymen
to be provoked with alacrity into virulence in the name of religion.

I have never heard the word secular during all my service -- and yet,
the simple things that are done simply in the army make it appear like an island of
sanity in a sea of hatred.

In the army, each officer identifies with the religion of his troops. In regiments
where the soldiers are from more than one religion, the officers -- and indeed all jawans
attend the weekly religious prayers of all the faiths.

How many times have I trooped out of the battalion mandir and, having worn my shoes,
entered the battalion church next door? A few years ago it all became simpler
-- mandirs, masjids, gurudwars and churches began to share premises all over the army.
It saved us the walk.

Perhaps it is so because the army genuinely believes in two central truths
-- oneness of god and victory in operations.
Both are so sacred we cannot nitpick and question the basics.

In fact, sometimes the army mixes up the two! On a visit to the holy cave at Amarnath
a few years ago I saw a plaque mounted on the side of the hill by a battalion
that had once guarded the annual Yatra.

It said, Best wishes from -....- battalion. Deployed for Operation Amarnath.

On another instance, I remember a commanding officer ordered the battalion maulaviji
to conduct the proceedings of Janamashtmi prayers because the panditji had to
proceed on leave on compassionate grounds. No eyebrows were raised.
It was the most rousing and best-prepared sermon on Lord Krishna I have ever had
the pleasure of listening to.

On the Line of Control, a company of Khemkhani Muslim soldiers replaced a Dogra
battalion. Over the next few days, the post was shelled heavily by Pakistanis,
and there were a few non-fatal casualties.

One day, the junior commissioned officer of the company, Subedar Sarwar Khan
walked up to the company commander Major Sharma and said,
"Sahib, ever since the Dogras left, the mandir has been shut. Why dont you
open it once every evening and do aarti? Why are we displeasing the gods?"

Major Sharma shamefacedly confessed he did not know all the words of the aarti.
Subedar Sarwar went away and that night, huddled over the radio set under a
weak lantern light, painstakingly took down the words of the aarti
from the post of another battalion!

How many of us know that along the entire border with Pakistan, our troops abstain
from alcohol and non-vegetarian food on all Thursdays?

The reason: It is called the Peer day --
essentially a day of religious significance for the Muslims.

In 1984, after Operation Bluestar there was anguish in the Sikh community
over the desecration of the holiest of their shrines.
Some of this anger and hurt was visible in the army too.

I remember the first Sikh festival days after the event -- the number of army personnel
of every religious denomination that thronged the regimental gurudwara of the nearest
Sikh battalion was the largest I had seen. I distinctly remember each officer and soldier
who put his forehead to the ground to pay obeisance appeared to linger just a wee bit
longer than usual. Was I imagining this? I do not think so.

There was that empathy and caring implicit in the quality of the gesture
that appeared to say, "You are hurt and we all understand."

We were deployed on the Line of Control those days. Soon after the news of
disaffection among a small section of Sikh troops was broadcast on the BBC,
Pakistani troops deployed opposite the Sikh battalion yelled across
to express their solidarity with the Sikhs.

The Sikh havildar shouted back that the Pakistanis had better not harbour any wrong
notions. "If you dare move towards this post, we will mow you down."

Finally, a real -- and true -- gem....
Two boys of a Sikh regiment battalion were overheard discussing this
a day before Christmas.

"Why are we having a holiday tomorrow?" asked Sepoy Singh.
"It is Christmas," replied the wiser Naik Singh.

"But what is Christmas?"
"Christmas," replied Naik Singh, with his eyes half shut in reverence
and hands in a spontaneous prayer-clasp, "is the guruparb of the Christians."

God bless our Jawans

Colonel Rastogiji
Its priceless!!! !!!!!!!!! !!!!!

Volatile oil and its properties

What is the volatile oil ?

A volatile oil are the odorous constituents of various plant parts which evaporates on exposure to air at normal temperature. They are also called essential oil because they represents the essences or odoriferous constituents of the plants. They are mono and sesquiterpenes in nature and obtained from the sap and tissues of certain plants.

Chemically volatile oils are composed of hydrocarbon or oxygenated derivatives of hydrocarbon.

The odor and taste of volatile oil mainly determined by the oxygenated derivatives. They may also contain hydrogenated or dehydrogenated derivatives of the hydrocarbon . All the volatile oils are of vegetable origin & are secreted in oil cells in secretion ducts or cavities or in glandular hairs.

Properties of Volatiles oil :

Volatile oils are colourless liquid, particularly when they are fresh. But on long standing they may oxidize, thus darkening in colour.
They possess characteristic odor.
They have high refractive index and most of them are optically active.
They are immiscible with water but freely soluble in organic solvents such as ether , chloroform, alcohol etc. This solubility is due to the oxygenated constituents in the volatile oil.
When shaken with sufficient amount of water the odory principle of the oil is partly dissolved.

Protein and Iron Rich Filipino Foods Recipes

Chicken Tocino

Tocino is a cured meat product popular in the Philippines It is often eaten with fried rice, fried egg in a dish called “Tosilog” or “tocino, sinangag at itlog”. I am sure all of you have tried Pork Tocino but I doubt if you have already tried “Chicken Tocino”. It is healthier than pork because it has lesser cholesterol and fats.

Image Source

Here’s a ready to eat Pork Tocino

The preparation of Chicken Tocino is the same with pork. The meat is sliced into thin strips. Anise wine, annatto, water, salt, sugar, and altpeter are combined in a container. Each strip is then sprinkled with the mixture and stacked in a separate container, which is covered and kept refrigerated for about three days to cure.

There are 3 ways to cook tocino;

- boiled in water

- fried in oil

- cooked over medium heat until the fat is rendered

Now you have a choice…for those who are hypertension and with heart problems… why don’t you try “Chicken Tocino”.

Tinola

Tinola is a very popular Filipino recipe. It is well-known all over the Philippines. Among the Ilocanos, this soup based dish it is known as La Uya. It is cooked with native chicken, green papaya fruit/or chayote, chili pepper leaves (talbos ng siling labuyo)/or moringa (malunggay) leaves and spice up with ginger, onions and fish sauce (patis).

Steamed Lobster

Of course, Lobsters are very popular worldwide. Lobsters are economically important sea food. They are rich in iron and protein and the simplest and easiest way to cook it is by steaming. The lobsters on the above photo are two “spiny lobster” and a “slipper lobster”. When you buy lobsters, I strongly recommend that you buy slipper lobsters because they have more meat than spiny lobsters.

See also

Pininyahang Manok (Chicken with Pineapple)

SUTURE MATERIALS AND SUTURING TECHNIQUE

Materials required

Suture set containing bowl, needle holder, scissors, tissue forceps
Disposable syringe(5-10ml)
Local anesthetic (xylocaine 2% with or without adrenaline
Suture material
Povidone iodine
Sterile gauze piece
Sterile gloves
Sterile eye towel

Skin suturing

Wound should be closed with minimum tension
Edges of skin should gape slightly to allow swelling due to inflammation. If wound is closed tightly edge necrosis may occur
Needle should be held at a point 2/3rd from tip of the needle
Needles are inserted at right angles to the skin for simple suture using a supination pronation movement of the wrist
Entry and exit points should be nearly the same distance from the wound edge as the thickness of skin being closed

The edge of wound is gently lifted with forceps while the needle is inserted
Edges should be everted slightly. If suture is enters and exits from the skin at an acute angle wound may become inverted with poor healing
As the suture is tightened, knot should be drawn to one side to facilitate suture removal
When a non-absorbable suture is to be removed, it is cut immediately beneath the knot and pulled out by knot. This results in contaminated part of suture material being lifted away without being drawn through the wound

The ends of knot should be left long enough to be easy to grasp while removing yet not too long to get tangled with nearby structures
As a general rule each suture should be separated by a gap that is twice the thickness of skin
Stay sutures should be applied in wounds with curves or zigzags for correct orientation
Non absorbable skin sutures should be removed when wound has healed to prevent scarring, infection and irritation. It is removed from face after 3-5 days, 5-7 days from scalp, 7 days from back, 10 days from abdomen and 10-14 days from limbs
Any suture with pus or signs of infections should be removed immediately

Types of wound closure

Simple interrupted– most commonly used, good for shallow wounds without edge tension

Continuous (running sutures)– good for long wounds with minimal tension

Locking continuous - useful in wounds under moderate tension or in those requiring additional hemostasis because of oozing from the skin edges

Subcuticular – good for cosmetic results

Vertical mattress – useful in maximizing wound eversion, reducing dead space, and minimizing tension across the wound

Horizontal mattress – good for fragile skin and high tension wounds

Tension suture – for support in wound under very high tension

Classification of suture material

Non-absorbable

Not biodegradable and permanent
Tensile strength lasts for more than 60 days
Nylon
Prolene(polypropylene)
Stainless steel
Silk (natural, can break down over years)

Absorbable

Degraded via inflammatory response

Vicryl (polyglactin)
PDS (polydioxanone)
Chromic Cat gut (natural)

Natural Suture

Biological
Cause inflammatory reaction

Silk (from silkworm fibers)
Catgut (connective from cow or sheep)
Chromic catgut

Synthetic

Synthetic polymers
Do not cause intense inflammatory reaction

Vicryl
PDS
Prolene
Nylon

Monofilament

Single strand of suture material
Minimal tissue trauma
Smooth tying but more knots needed
Harder to handle due to memory
Less chance of infection
Examples: nylon, prolene, PDS

Multifilament (braided)

Fibers are braided or twisted together
More tissue resistance
Easier to handle
Fewer knots needed
More chances of infection
Examples: vicryl, silk, chromic catgut

Suture Selection

Do not use dyed sutures on the skin
Use monofilament on the skin as multifilament harbor BACTERIA
Non-absorbable cause less scarring but must be removed
Location and layer, patient factors, strength, healing, site and availability
Silk and synthetic sutures are employed most often
Gut sutures are used only when retrieval is difficult.

Other materials

Metal sutures, clips and staples are available

The heat source may be dry or wet; where the heat is dry, the resultant injury is called a ‘burn’, whereas with moist heat from hot water, steam and other hot liquids it is known as ‘scalding’.

Burning

1 first degree – erythema and blistering (vesiculation);

2 second degree – burning of the whole thickness of the epidermis and exposure of the dermis;

3 third degree – destruction down to subdermal tissues

Where the burnt area exceeds 50 per cent, the prognosis is poor even in first-degree burns.

Clinical conditions due to high heat exposure

1.Heat cramp- miner’s cramp, fireman’s cramp due to rapid dehydration through loss of water and salt in the sweat, severe and painful paroxysmal cramp of muscles of leg, abdomen, arms.

2.Heat prostration- heat exhaustion, heat syncope, heat collapse.

Is a condition of collapse without increasing body temperature, which follows exposure to excessive heat.
Precipitated by muscular work and unsuitable clothing
Patient usually recovers if placed at rest but death may occur from heart failure.

3.Heat hyperpyrexia or stroke- characterized by rectal temperature more than 41 degree centigrade and neurological disturbance as psychosis occurs.

Term sunstroke used when direct exposure to sun is there.
High temperature, increased humidity, muscular activity and lack of acclimatization are the principle factors in initiation of stroke.
Failure of cutaneous blood flow and sweating, the factors which control the body temperature, lead to breakdown of heat regulating centre of hypothalamus.

Burns in a victim of a house fire.

Scalds:

Runs or dribbles of hot fluid will leave characteristic areas of scalding – these runs or dribbles will generally flow under the influence of gravity and this can provide a marker to the orientation of the victim at the time the fluid was moving.
Scalding is seen in industrial accidents where steam pipes or boilers burst and it is also seen in children who pull kettles and cooking pots down upon themselves.

The examination of bodies recovered from fires

The findings of soot in the airways and carbon monoxide in the blood indicate that the person was breathing after the fire began.

Post mortem findings

A.External:

Burnt fabrics
Smell of kerosene, petrol over fabrics
Postmortem hypostasis and rigor mortis can not be assessed
Face is swollen and distorted,
Tongue protruded and swollen and may be burnt
Froth at mouth and nostril due to pulmonary edema due to heat irritation of air passage and lungs
Pugilistic attitude (boxing, defense attitude)- characteristic of great heat exposure; the flexor muscles being bulkier than extensor contract more.
Heat rupture in severe burning or charring, skin contracts and heat ruptures occur
Flash burn due to sudden ignition or explosion of gases

B.Internal:

1.Heat hematoma- has the appearance of extra dural hemorrhage

Clot has honey comb appearance
Parieto-temporal region is the most common site of such hemorrhage

2.Thermal fracture of skull-

3.Laryngeal edema

Scalds of the buttocks and feet on a child who had been dipped into a bath of extremely hot water as a punishment.

Trachea showing soot and mucus following inhalation of fire fumes and smoke.

Skin splits in the victim of a house fire. These splits were initially thought to be incised wounds.

ELECTRICAL INJURY

Usually, the entry point is a hand that touches an electrical appliance or live conductor,
The exit is to earth (or ‘ground’), often via the other hand or the feet.
In either case, the current will cross the thorax, the most dangerous area for a shock because of the risks of cardiac arrest or respiratory paralysis.
When a live metal conductor is gripped by the hand, pain and muscle twitching will occur if the current reaches about 10 mA.
If the current in the arm exceeds about 30 mA, the muscles will go into spasm, which cannot be voluntarily released because the flexor muscles are stronger than the extensors; the result is for the hand to grip or to ‘hold on’.
This ‘hold on’ effect is very dangerous as it may allow the circuit to be maintained for long enough to cause cardiac arrhythmia, whereas the normal response would have been to let go so as to stop the pain.

If the current across the chest is 50 mA or more, even for only a few seconds, fatal ventricular fibrillation is likely to occur.
The victims of such an arrhythmia will be pale.
Even more rare are the instances in which the current has entered the head and caused primary brainstem paralysis, which has resulted in failure of respiration.

The electrical lesion

Where the skin is wet, there may be no signs at all, as the entrance and exit of the current may be spread over such a wide area that no focal lesion exists.
Usually, however, there is a discrete focal point of entry.
The focal electrical lesion is usually a blister, which occurs when the conductor is in firm contact with the skin and which usually collapses soon after infliction, forming a raised rim with a concave centre.

The skin is pale, often white, and an areola of pallor (due to local vasoconstriction) is a characteristic feature. The blister may vary from a few millimetres to several centimetres.
The skin often peels off the large blisters leaving a red base.
The other type of electrical mark is a ‘spark burn’, where there is an air gap between metal and skin.
Here, a central nodule of fused keratin, brown or yellow in colour, is surrounded by the typical areola of pale skin.

The electric mark (Joule burn):

It is specific and diagnostic of contact with electricity
It is found at the entry point.
These are round or oval, shallow craters, 1-3cm in diameter, and have a ridge of skin of about 1-3 mm height.
The crater floor is lined by pale flattened skin
When the contact is prolonged, there may be charring.
Produced by conversion of electricity into heat within the tissue.

Exit mark:

Variable feature, but have some of the features of entrance mark
May be more damage of tissue
Often seen as splits in the skin, continuous or interrupted
Ante mortem electric burns can not be distinguished from postmortem electric burns

Multiple minute electrical marks on the hand caused by contact with a faulty electrical drill.

Extensive electrical burns with scorching and blistering.

Electrical mark from a mains wire wrapped around the neck. There is marked hyperaemia and adjacent pallor, with evidence of blistering.

Hyperaemia from a defibrillator paddle, caused during

attempted resuscitation.

The World’s Most Remarkable and Celebrated Same Sex Relationships in History

The World’s Most Remarkable and Celebrated Same Sex Relationships in History

Several Ancient Greeks and Romans were involved in male same-sex love. All throughout history until today, there are many people including notable leaders, rich people and famous celebrities who are involved in same sex relationships. Dionysius is regarded by the Greeks as the patron god of hermaphrodites and transvestites. Aphrodite is considered patron of homosexual love between males.

Achilles and Patroclus

human body muscles

Wednesday, March 18, 2015

Carbon Prints and Gum Bichromate Prints The Invention of Photography Video Series

INDIAN ARMY BEACON OF UNITY AND SECULARISM

Tuesday, March 17, 2015

Volatile oil and its properties

Monday, March 16, 2015

Protein and Iron Rich Filipino Foods Recipes

Sunday, March 15, 2015

SUTURE MATERIALS AND SUTURING TECHNIQUE

INJURY DUE TO HEAT AND ELECTRICITY

Monday, March 9, 2015

The World’s Most Remarkable and Celebrated Same Sex Relationships in History